ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช:

ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช-ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื˜

ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื”- ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชื ืื™ื : ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”-ื›ืžื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ,ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื: ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื:

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ื—ืœืง ืžื”30% ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื™

  ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื. ืฉื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”: ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘. ืกืงื™ืจื” ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื ืช 2015 ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช: ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื™ืžื™ ื•ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• FISSION โ€“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”30′ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”20′ ื—ืงืจื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช (ืงื•ืกืžื™ืง

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช – ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœ”ื–

ื. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉ, ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”. ืžื”ื• ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื? ืืœื” ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉ, ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ื›ืชื” ื–’: ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืŸ

ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-11 ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13. ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื: ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ – ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื•ืข

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” 2006

ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” 2006 1)ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื ืคืงืฆื™ื”: ื. ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช, ื—ื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืื™ื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื. ื‘. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื’. ื—ื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช, ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืื™ื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื. 2)ืžื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 11

ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 11 (03.01.11) ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืจื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืชื•ืš ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ- ื”ืจืก ื”ืจืงืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืŸ- ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืขืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืŸ

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 10

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 10 (27.12.10) ืžื‘ื ื” ืœื™ืคื™ื“ A ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง E.Coli ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื–ื™ืก.

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 9

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 9 (20.12.10) ื›ื•ืœื™ืจืข- ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืขืจื›ืช Adenylate Cyclase ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชื. ืคืขื•ืœืช ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™ืช

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 8

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 8 (06.12.10) ืืงืกื•ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื- Exoenzymes ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง. ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืืงืกื•ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“”ื› ืœืฉื ืฆื•ืจืš ืจื™ืงืžื”.

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 6

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 6 (22.11.10) ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืชื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื“ื”– ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 5

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 5 (15.11.10) ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื (flagella) ืžืกืคืจื ืงื˜ืŸ. ืืจื•ื›ื™ื. ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืชืื™. ืžืก’ ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืžื™ืŸ. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 4

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”- ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืก’ 4 (08.11.10) ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื–ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช- ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื”: ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื–ื•ื’ืŸ, ื•ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืœื™ื˜ื™.

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ

ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” โ€“ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื“’ ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข   ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืชื‘ื•: ื‘ื•ืขื– ืžืื•ืจ ื•ื™ืขืœ ืฉื’ื™ื     ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ย  ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ “ืžื“ื™ืจื” ืœื“ื™ืจื”” ืœืขื’ื ื•ืŸ

ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ “ืžื“ื™ืจื” ืœื“ื™ืจื”” ืœืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืก”ื“ ืจืงืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ – 8.12.39 ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื. ืื

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’. ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“..

ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช / ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืจื’ ืกืคื•ืจ “ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช” ืžื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”. ืฉื ื—ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืคืจื“ ื•ืกื’ื•ืจ ื‘”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘” ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช

ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” โ€“ ืžื”ื™? ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื ื’ืจืžืช? ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ื™ื•ืคื™ืข

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืชืจื’ื•ืœ โ€“ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืชืจื’ื•ืœ โ€“ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื   ืฉืืœื” ืžืกืคืจ 1   ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2004 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืชืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื. ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ืชื

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื‘ื•ื ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ – SCHEME

ืžื‘ื•ื ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ SCHEME ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘-Scheme ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื™ืฆื”

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžืง’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ

ALEXANDER MCQUEEN ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” (ืžืฆื’ืช 2): ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžืง’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉืช ืื—ื™ื•, ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื•ืคื ื”, ื”ื•ืžื• ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• “ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื”ื•ืจื•ื“ื”

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืงื•ืจืก ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ – ืฆืจื›ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื›ืžืช: ืงื•ืจืก ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฆืจื›ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื. ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืžื˜ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ืฉืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘’

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘’ ืœื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™”ื‘, ืงื™ืฅ ืชืฉืข”ื. ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืืจื™ื•ืช, ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืื”. ืžืกื•ื›ื ืขืค”ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘'(ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ื“ื™ื ื™ ืจืฆื— ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื ”ื›ื™

ื“ื™ื ื™ ืจืฆื— ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื ื›ื™, ื—ื•ืงื™-ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ืœืคื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช,ืฉืžื•ืช,ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ืจืฆื— ย  ย ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜’ 5-7: ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ืขืจืš ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื’ื ืื

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืกืคืจ ืขืžื•ืก

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืขืžื•ืก, ืคืจืงื™ื ื' ืขื“ ื”' ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืง ืขืžื•ืก ื-ื‘: ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™: ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื”

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื

    ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื: ·        Autotrophy– ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข CO2 ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื•ืœื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกื•ื›ืจ. ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช

    ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ Hard to deliver compounds ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘

  ื›ืื‘: ISP, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื”ื• ื›ืื‘. ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืขื™ืžื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ืช ืื• ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื ื–ืง ืจืงืžืชื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ืื• ืžืชื•ืืจืช

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

  ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื= ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืชื ืœืœื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค. ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช (ืœื“ื•ื’’,ืฉืžืจื™ื, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืฉ), ืืฆื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป

ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ืช -ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™

    ·         Probe request – ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืชื—ื ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ( ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ) ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชื•ืจ

ื”ืžืฉืš ืงืจื™ืื” ยป